Ockham ends (chapter 18) by showing how all these fallacies err against the syllogism.Chapter 17 deals with the fallacy of many questions ( plures interrogationes ut unam facere)>.Chapter 16 deals with false cause ( non-causam ut causam).Chapter 15 deals with begging the question ( petitio principii).Chapter 14 deals with Ignoratio elenchi or irrelevant thesis.Chapter 13 deals with secundum quid et simpliciter.Chapter 12 deals with the fallacy of affirming the consequent.Chapter 11 deals with the fallacy of accident.Chapter 10 deals with the fallacy of 'figure of speech'.Chapter 9 deals with the fallacy of accent.Chapter 8 deals with the fallacies of composition, and division.Chapters 5-7 deal with the three types of amphiboly. Chapters 2-4 deal with the three modes of equivocation.Part IV, in eighteen chapters, deals with the different species of fallacy enumerated by Aristotle in Sophistical Refutations ( De sophisticis elenchis). Chapters 38 to 45 deal with the Theory of obligationes.Similar accounts are given by Jean Buridan and Albert of Saxony. Ockham distinguishes between 'material' and 'formal' consequences, which are roughly equivalent to the modern material implication and logical implication respectively. A consequence is 'true' when the antecedent implies the consequent. For example, 'if a man runs, then God exists' ( Si homo currit, Deus est). According to Ockham a consequence is a conditional proposition, composed of two categorical propositions by the terms 'if' and 'then'. In Part III, Ockham deals with the definition and division of consequences, and provides a treatment of Aristotle's Topical rules. The first 37 chapters of Part II are a systematic exposition of Aristotle's Topics.(42) See for example the formulation of William of Ockham, Summa logicae (1974). These 41 chapters are a systematic exposition of Aristotle's Posterior Analytics. thought of Autrecourt and Ockham, or of Autrecourt and Buridan has now.On syllogisms containing exponible propositions.
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